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Providing Culturally Competent Care Communication Assessment and Planning Tools
Consider employing one or more of these tools to provide culturally competent care.
LEARN Model
1
L - Listen
with empathy and understanding to the patient’s perception of the problem. Try questions like: What do you think may be causing your problem? How do you think the illness is affecting you? What do you think might be beneficial?
E - Explain
your thoughts and perceptions about the problem.
A - Acknowledge
, discuss, and incorporate the differences and similarities between your patient’s beliefs and your own professional understanding of treatment options.
R - Recommend
treatment. Suggest a treatment plan that is developed with the patient’s involvement, including culturally appropriate aspects.
N - Negotiate
agreement. The final treatment plan should be determined as mutually agreeable by both the care provider and patient.
Kleinman’s Explanatory Model
2
What do you think caused your problem? What name does it have?
Why do you think it started when it did?
What do you think your illness does to you? How does it work?
How severe is it? Will it have a short or long course?
What are the chief problems your illness has caused you?
What do you fear most about your illness?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What are the most important results you hope to receive?
Social Context of Patients
3
Control over environment
How do you usually pay for your medication? Are you ever short of food or clothing?
How do you keep track of appointments? Are you more concerned about how your health affects you right now or how it might affect you in the future?
Change in environment
Where are you from?
What made you decide to come to this country [city, town]? When did you come?
How have you found life here compared to life in your country [city, town]?
What was medical care like there, compared with here? How did you get your medication?
Social stressors and support network
What is causing the most difficulty or stress in your life? How do you deal with this?
Do you have friends or relatives that you can call on for help? Who are they? Do they live close to you?
Are you very involved in a religious or social group? Do you feel that God [or a higher power] provides a strong source of support in your life?
Literacy and language
Do you have trouble reading your medication bottles or appointment slips?
What language do you speak at home? Do you ever feel that you have a hard time talking about your medicine with the doctor or pharmacist?
Negotiating Across Cultures for Management Options
3
,
4
Describe specific medication information in easy-to-understand words
Prioritize medication management options
Determine patient’s priorities
Present a reasonable medication management plan that reflects both patient and pharmacist priorities
Ask patient directly about their level of acceptance of this plan
If conflict remains, focus negotiation on highest priorities
Diggs AK, Berger BA. Cultural competence. In: Berger BA, ed.
Communication Skills for Pharmacists: Building Relationships, Improving Patient Care. 3rd ed.
American Pharmacists Association; 2016. Accessed 28 November 2020.
https://pharmacylibrary.com/doi/book/10.21019/9781582121321
Corsi MP, Jackson JD, McCarthy BC Jr. Cultural competence considerations for health-system pharmacists.
Hosp Pharm.
2019;54(6):385-388. doi:10.1177/0018578718809259
Bazaldua OV, Sias J. Cultural competence: a pharmacy perspective.
J Pharm Pract.
2004;17(3):160-166. doi:10.1177/0897190004264812
Carrillo JE, Green AR, Betancourt JR. Cross-cultural primary care: a patient-based approach.
Ann Intern Med.
1999;130(10):829-834. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-10-199905180-00017
Chronic Diseases
Diabetes
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