Pharmacy-Based Immunization Delivery

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the impact that vaccines have had on public health
• Explain how pharmacists and student pharmacists can help to improve vaccination rates
• Identify opportunities for pharmacists and student pharmacists to be immunization advocates

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Identify the differences between active and passive immunity
• Explain how vaccines elicit an immune response via the adaptive immune process
• Discuss the rationale for timing of vaccine administration and intervals between doses, including spacing between other vaccines and antibodies
• Describe principles of herd immunity

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Identify vaccines that are live and inactivated
• Describe the characteristics and distinctions between live and inactivated vaccines
• Discuss the rationale for timing of vaccine administration and intervals between dosing

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Apply the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process to immunization services
• Identify how and when to assess patients for vaccination needs
• Determine appropriate screening questions to identify precautions and contraindications to vaccinations

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Differentiate between immunization recommendations, vaccine product approvals, and emergency use authorizations
• Locate and apply the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations
• Explain how to read and interpret the CDC’s immunization schedules for children, adolescents, and adults

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the transmission and clinical features of influenza
• Compare and contrast symptoms of the common cold and influenza
• Identify age-appropriate influenza vaccination options for a patient
• Describe efficacy and safety information related to influenza vaccinations

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the causes, clinical features, and potential complications of pneumococcal disease that can be prevented with vaccination
• Identify target groups who should receive the pneumococcal vaccination based on risk factors and on recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization (ACIP)
• List the pneumococcal vaccines approved for use in the U.S. and how they differ

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the causes, clinical features, and potential complications of meningococcal disease that can be prevented with vaccination
• Identify target groups who should receive meningococcal vaccination based on risk factors, including outbreaks, and ACIP recommendations
• List the meningococcal vaccines approved for use in the U.S. and the ways they differ
• Identify the recommended groups and discussion points to include during shared clinical decision-making for meningococcal B vaccines

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the clinical features and potential complications of human papillomavirus disease
• Identify target groups who should receive the human papillomavirus vaccine based on ACIP recommendations
• Develop patient education strategies for potential human papillomavirus vaccine recipients

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the clinical features and potential complications of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis infections
• Compare and contrast vaccines to prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis
• Identify target groups who should receive the vaccines containing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis based on ACIP recommendations

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the clinical features and potential complications of disease due to varicella zoster virus
• Identify target groups who should receive the varicella and zoster vaccines based on ACIP recommendations
• List the varicella and zoster vaccines approved for use in the U.S. and the ways they differ

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the causes of, clinical features, and potential complications of hepatitis A and hepatitis B
• List the characteristics of the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines, including the combination vaccine
• Identify target groups who should receive the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines based on risk factors and ACIP recommendations
• Describe the causes of recent hepatitis A and hepatitis B outbreaks and the way such outbreaks can be prevented and managed
• Explain the pre- and post-testing recommendations for the hepatitis B vaccine

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the causes of, clinical features, and potential complications of measles, mumps, and rubella
• List the characteristics and contraindications of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
• Identify target groups who should receive the MMR vaccine based on risk factors and ACIP recommendations
• Discuss the impact of recent measles and mumps outbreaks

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the clinical features and potential complications of rotavirus, Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), and polio infections
• Identify recommended groups who should receive the rotavirus, Hib, and polio vaccines based on ACIP recommendations
• Incorporate combination vaccines into recommended vaccination plans for pediatric patients

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the causes of, clinical features, and potential complications of COVID-19
• Recognize groups at high risk for COVID-19 disease or exposure
• List the COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S.
• Differentiate a third dose from a booster dose
• Describe the safety concerns and adverse reactions with the vaccines, including when coadministered with other vaccines
• List the documentation required following COVID-19 vaccine administration

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Define vaccine hesitancy and strategies to build patient confidence in vaccines
• Address vaccine misinformation and safety concerns
• Use a shared decision-making approach when recommending vaccines to patients
• Communicate risks and benefits of vaccines
• Provide postvaccination counseling

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Explain the importance of maintaining the cold chain for vaccines
• Describe recommendations from the CDC regarding proper storage and handling of vaccines

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe how to prepare vaccines for administration
• Explain how to administer intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccines to adults and children
• List steps for preventing errors with vaccine administration

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Compare and contrast local, systemic, and allergic reactions to a vaccine
• Describe the process to appropriately manage vaccine reactions
• Recognize and treat anaphylaxis owing to a vaccine

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Explain the purpose of standing orders and protocols
• Describe information that should be included in standing orders and protocols for immunization services
• List resources for more information about standing orders and protocols for immunization services

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe information that should be included in documentation for vaccinations
• Discuss the use of immunization information systems
• Describe national reporting systems for adverse events and errors associated with vaccines
• Explain liability risks and legal protections for authorized immunizers

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe the components of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
• Explain how to implement reminder and recall systems for multidose vaccine series

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• List opportunities to obtain compensation and reimbursement for vaccination services
• Identify codes that are used when billing third-party payers for vaccinations
• Describe the process and rules around billing for immunizations

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe vaccine hesitancy
• Discuss the role of social determinants of health in vaccine hesitancy
• List steps of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change
• Describe key principles of motivational interviewing
• Explain how to apply motivational interviewing skills and strategies

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Explain how the pharmacy practice setting affects workflow models for immunization services
• List factors that affect scheduling for vaccine services
• Describe roles for support staff in the delivery of pharmacy-based immunization services

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• List situations in which a mass vaccination clinic would be appropriate
• Describe considerations for planning a mass vaccination clinic
• Identify best practices for a mass vaccination clinic

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Describe print and nonprint strategies that can be used to market vaccination services
• List examples of free print and nonprint materials that can be used to market vaccination services
• Explain how pharmacists can develop relationships in their community that support their vaccination services

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Explain roles for pharmacy technicians in supporting pharmacy-based immunization services
• Identify immunization-related roles that should be performed by only pharmacists
• List activities that pharmacy technicians can perform to streamline the workflow for vaccination and pharmacy operations

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Discuss volunteer roles for pharmacists in public health immunization programs
• Describe opportunities for pharmacists to become involved with international vaccination programs and global public health promotion
• Describe liability and scope-of-practice considerations for volunteering pharmacists

At the completion of this activity, the participant will be able to:

• Describe strategies for increasing immunization rates, including physician collaborations, community level activities, and immunization coalition activities
• Describe pharmacy operations and a process for administering vaccines in various pharmacy practice settings
• Evaluate patient histories and make patient-specific recommendations based on the appropriate immunization schedule
• Demonstrate effective strategies for communicating with patients who have concerns about vaccines
• Describe current evidence regarding vaccine safety
• Recognize the signs and symptoms of adverse reactions that can occur after vaccination
• Describe procedures for management of patients with adverse reactions to vaccination that constitute an emergency
• List the steps for administering currently available intranasal and intradermal vaccines
• Demonstrate appropriate intramuscular and subcutaneous injection techniques for adult immunization