COVID-19 Tests
Clarissa Chan, PharmD
FDA has been warning consumers not to use several home tests, because they are not FDA-authorized or approved for distribution or use in the United States. Using one of these tests could yield false results and not only lead to an improper diagnosis, but also treatment delays, or a false sense of security. In severe cases, it could result in death, according to FDA. Faulty tests have made it difficult for patients to avoid potential harm from use of at-home COVID-19 tests.
Jade L. Ranger, PharmD, co-owner of The Prescription Shoppe in Williamsburg, VA, and Pharmacy Today editorial advisory board member, answered some frequently asked questions pharmacists have been receiving about COVID-19 tests.
How are test kits used and what precautions should be taken to avoid harm?
Prior to and after using a test kit, hands and testing surfaces should be properly washed and sanitized, respectively. When using the tests, the manufacturer’s directions should be followed exactly as directed.
There have been reports of injuries caused by improper use of testing kits, especially related to incorrect use of testing solutions.
The test solution usually contains a chemical ingredient like sodium azide that preserves the solution or helps the test work. The solution can be irritating and toxic if ingested or touches skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
According to FDA, the liquid solution provided in kits is not intended to touch the body; it should not be consumed, used as eye drops, or used to moisten a nasal collection swab prior to swabbing the nose.
FDA recommends people store test kits out of the reach of children and pets.
If skin is exposed or eye irritation persists, or a child or animal consumes the test solution, call a local poison control center or health care provider to seek medical attention.
Are rapid tests antibody, antigen, or PCR tests?
The test type depends on the test used. Most rapid tests are antigen tests, but polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at-home testing kits can be purchased for at-home use and sent to a laboratory for test results.
Antigen tests detect a specific viral protein on the surface of a virus, indicating an active viral infection, while PCR tests are more accurate because they replicate and amplify certain viral proteins to detect small amounts of virus in the body.
Antibody or serology tests determine if a person was previously infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus or has developed antibodies after receiving COVID-19 vaccines.
Are rapid COVID-19 home testing kits accurate?
Rapid tests are not 100% accurate. However, when following the directions properly, your results will be reasonably accurate. “It’s more likely that you will get a false negative than a false positive,” said Ranger. “However, if you’ve been exposed or are experiencing symptoms, I always suggest re-testing.”
“I suggest testing twice to confirm test results,” said Ranger. “I tell my patients to test, wait a few days, and test again.”
How soon should patients test after being exposed to the COVID-19 virus?
CDC recommends patients should wait at least 5 days after exposure and consider retesting 24-48 hours after the first test.
How fast do rapid at-home COVID-19 tests show results?
Most kits will give results in 10 to 15 minutes. However, test users should refer to the manufacturer’s package insert for specific information.
How much do tests cost and will insurance plans cover them?
“Tests usually cost around $20 to $25. As of right now, if you have Medicare you can purchase up to 8 tests per month and they will cover them,” said Ranger. “However, not all insurance companies cover them. Patients can check by calling their health insurance’s customer service number.”
According to CMS, people without insurance can visit select community health centers to obtain a free at-home test kit. HHS also encourages everyone to order 4 free at-home test kits at www.covid.gov/tests, regardless of insurance status.
How many tests can be purchased at one time?
Depends on the pharmacy. “When they were in high demand and harder to come by, we limited our sales to 2 per person,” said Ranger. “Now that they are readily available, we allow up to 8 per person.” ■